vanderbilt family tree

Her Father Died When She Was a Baby, Leading to a Fierce Custody Battle Between Her Mother & Her Aunt. Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the family expanded into various other areas of industry and philanthropy. To accomplish this, he undercut prices, and also brought a legal case to the United States Supreme Court to overturn the monopoly. As an author, she wrote two art books, three novels, and four memoirs which included, "It Seemed Important At the Time: A Romance Memoir," "A Mother's Story," and "The Rainbow Comes and Goes: A Mother and Son on Life, Love and Loss" which she co-wrote with Anderson Cooper. [19] Crawford was 43 years younger than her husband. He built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history (adjusted wealth: $205 billion). He began displaying She entered into commerce, which might have appalled her Vanderbilt ancestors who often considered themselves a rank above the working class. Children of Cornelius Vanderbilt & Sophia Johnson: Phebe Jane (Vanderbilt) Cross (1814-1878), Emily Almira (Vanderbilt) Thorn (1823-1896), Sophia Johnson (Vanderbilt) Torrance (1825-1912), Maria Louisa (Vanderbilt) Clark Niven (1827-1896), Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt (1830-1882), Mary Alicia (Vanderbilt) LaBau Berger (1834-1902), Catherine Juliette (Vanderbilt) Barker LaFitte (1836-1881), Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway (1873?-), New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate Road) (1882-). That vision 1877 illustration from Harper's Weekly.Cornelius Vanderbilt was buried in the family vault in the Moravian Cemetery at New Dorp on Staten Island. Son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, I and Phebe Vanderbilt In 1924, she married British Aristocrat John Cecil. William Henry, who inherited most of his fathers one hundred million dollars. But on November 24, 1817, a ferry entrepreneur named Thomas Gibbons asked Vanderbilt to captain his steamboat between New Jersey and New York. fortune, George took to an even greater height, the qualities the He and his wife eventually had 12 children, one of whom died in childhood. Alva was proving her toughness to a male friend by climbing a tree. Gloria made her television debut in Noel Cowards Tonight at 8:30. They had granted a license to Aaron Ogden to run a ferry between New York and New Jersey. Vanderbilt also proved a quick study in legal matters, representing Gibbons in meetings with lawyers. 14 East 16th Street", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanderbilt_family&oldid=1142373855, 17th-century Dutch emigrants to North America, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2023, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2023, Articles needing additional references from June 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Vanderbilt took control of the company just before these developments were announced. Crawford's cousin's husband, Holland McTyeire, convinced Vanderbilt to endow what would become Vanderbilt University, named in his honor. In the 1840s, he launched a campaign to take over the most attractive of these lines, the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad, popularly known as the Stonington. he also was a mean drug dealer, and a male hooker. Vanderbilt Family Tree 8667 views. a land of opportunity, they became a royal family. They were more tightly fitted than the other jeans of the time, with her name in script on the back pocket: Gloria appeared in a series of television ads promoting them. In 1818, he turned his attention to steamships. Cornelius Vanderbilt II was an American socialite, businessman, and a member of the prominent United States Vanderbilt family. a second fortune, with the sum total of one hundred million dollars. He and his wife eventually had 13 children, one of whom died in childhood. The Vanderbilt's were prosperous as farmers but that was all about to change. power and influence led then into the world of the socially elite. At the time of his death, aged 82, Vanderbilt had a fortune estimated at $100 million. She also cut off her mothers money as well but continued her grandmother Morgans yearly stipend. All of the Vanderbilt multimillionaires descend through oldest son William Henry. He willed amounts ranging from $250,000 (approximate $4,950,000 in 2008 USD) to $500,000 ($9,920,000 in 2008 USD) to each of his eight daughters. was drawn to his fathers cultural interest. I have the ability to create a separate "space" so to speak so that it is not mixed in with my data, so it is there where I will store the genealogy and related documents. From eyeglasses to linens to perfume, her name appeared on a myriad of goods from such companies as Hallmark. On April 20, 1940, Mrs. Anne Harriman Vanderbilt, wife of William Kissam Vanderbilt, passed away in New York. Family Stock Photo. By the time Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt (Gloria's father and Anderson Cooper's grandfather) was born on January 14, 1880, the family's inheritance was spread thin among the many descendants. The couple had two sons, George and William. I am a big believer in the corrosive effects, the cancerous effects of that kind of money, Cooper told The Washington Post in an Oct. 14, 2021, interview. As additional sources for vital records, original documents, vintage . The Commodore had lived in relative modesty considering his nearly unlimited means, splurging only on race horses, leaving his descendants to build the Vanderbilt houses that characterize America's Gilded Age. Gloria was the last direct descendant of Commodore Vanderbilt, who built up the family fortune through his shipping, railroad, and real estate empire. Garrison. Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, is named for Cornelius, and the university's mascot is the commodore. The Vanderbilt family is an American family who gained prominence during the Gilded Age. Vanderbilt had little choice but to lease it to the War Department, at prices set by ship brokers. But he suffered a personal loss when his youngest and favorite son and heir apparent, George Washington Vanderbilt, a graduate of the United States Military Academy, fell ill and died without ever seeing combat. Featuring famous relatives, descendants still living today, and more, this list has it all. He later bought the Canada Southern as well. Livingston and Fulton offered Vanderbilt a lucrative job piloting their steamboat, but Vanderbilt rejected the offer. [15], When the American Civil War began in 1861, Vanderbilt attempted to donate his largest steamship, the Vanderbilt, to the Union navy. was exposed to the latest modern conveniences, refrigeration and On March 30th, Paul and Gladys Szpry unceremoniously vacated their family's third-floor apartment of the Breakers, the iconic Gilded Age mansion constructed by their great-grandfather, Cornelius Vanderbilt II, in 1893. Mother of Private; Private; Anderson Cooper and Carter Vanderbilt Cooper During the 1930s, she was the subject of a high-profile child custody trial in which her mother, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, and her paternal aunt, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, each sought custody of her and control over her trust fund. The Commodore had lived in relative modesty considering his nearly unlimited means, splurging only on race horses, leaving his descendants to build the Vanderbilt houses that characterize America's Gilded Age. The Gilded Age's Vanderbilt family was considered a new-money family because, unlike the old money families, the Vanderbilts were not prominent before the American Revolution. It was in his nature to be a perfectionist, a The Vanderbilts became known for living His wife received US$500,000 in cash, their modest New York City home, and 2,000 shares of common stock in New York Central Railroad. Vanderbilt appealed his own case against the monopoly to the Supreme Court, which was next on the docket after Gibbons v. Ogden. Vanderbilt proposed a canal across Nicaragua, which was closer to the United States and was spanned most of the way across by Lake Nicaragua and the San Juan River. Robert Sobel The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market (1965) reprinted Beard Books (May 2000) ISBN 1-893122-66-2. Family (1) Spouse Oliver Belmont ( 11 January 1896 - 10 June 1908) (his death) View Site. map Sign On December 19, 1813, Cornelius Vanderbilt married his cousin and neighbor, Sophia Johnson (1795-1868), daughter of his aunt Elizabeth Hand Johnson. Vanderbilt used the leverage of a lawsuit to recover his losses, but he and Gould became public enemies. Posted by Miningman on Monday, June 17, 2019 9:55 PM The Vanderbilt Family Tree . In the 1970s, Hallmark introduced her artwork to the commercial market by producing Gloria Vanderbilt Collections of paper products created from her paintings and collages. They were born into it, and they thought it would last forever.. Senior Gloria and her twin sister lived together in New York, then Los Angeles. He was also known as a philanthropist, displaying Gloria wasnt there as she was back home in New York, having just given birth to a son, Carter Vanderbilt Cooper. We encourage you to research and examine these records to determine their accuracy. It was in the 1830s when he was first referred to as "commodore," then the highest rank in the United States Navy. a life of privilege, wealth, education, travel and having a taste In 1979 she was the recipient of the Silver Spirit of Life Award from the City of Hope in California. He was the favorite grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt, who left him $5 million, and the eldest son of William Henry Vanderbilt, who left him close to $70 million. Oftentimes the family trees listed as still in progress have derived from research into famous people who have a kinship to this person. to find out first about our new feature stories, road trips and special offers At the time of his death, aged 82, Cornelius Vanderbilt's fortune was estimated at $100 million. The lives of Cornelius Commodore and : In 1855, Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt donated 45 acres (18ha) of property to the Moravian Church and Cemetery at New Dorp on Staten Island, New York. To get revenge, he tried to corner Erie stock, which led to the so-called Erie War. List of the members of the Vanderbilt family, listed alphabetically with photos when available. Cornelius Vanderbilt's business was railroads. To his younger surviving son, Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt, whom he regarded as a wastrel, he left the income from a $200,000 trust fund. Using the name "The People's Line," he used the populist language associated with Democratic president Andrew Jackson to get popular support for his business. She passed away on 20 March 1843 in Dry Ridge, Grant, Kentucky, USA. The fashion line grew to include dresses, fragrances, blouses, shoes, and other accessories. family vocation. He provided the initial gift to found Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Sign When the Commodore departed, He also went to Washington, D.C., to hire Daniel Webster to argue the case before the Supreme Court. Her cousin's husband, Holland Nimmons McTyeire, convinced Vanderbilt to endow what would become Vanderbilt University, named in his honor. They processed cotton from the Deep South, so were directly tied to the slave societies. [6], After Thomas Gibbons died in 1826, Vanderbilt worked for Gibbons' son William until 1829. In each case, the strife ended in a battle that Vanderbilt won. At 78, for Gloria Vanderbilt, triumph ahead means weathering any circumstance, still smiling. Vanderbilt also outfitted a major expedition to New Orleans. Her cousin's husband, Holland McTyeire, convinced Vanderbilt to endow what would become Vanderbilt University, named in his honor. The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio; however, Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN's studios in Washington, D.C., or on location for breaking news stories. Born in Staten Island, New York, Vanderbilt began working on his father's ferry in New York harbor as a boy, quitting school no later than age 11. It was considered The immediate cause of his death was exhaustion, brought on by long suffering from a complication of chronic disorders. He also bought a church for $50,000 for his second wife's congregation, the Church of the Strangers. Sadly Quincy's son was killed in the accident. Impressed, Vanderbilt became a secret partner with Drew for the next thirty years, so that the two men would have an incentive to avoid competing with each other. In 1903 William Kissam turned over management of the railroads to an outside firm and thereafter devoted himself to his philanthropic, social, and sporting interests. He and his wife had 13 children, 12 of whom survived childhood. Neiman Marcus Fashion. That's up to 78% off the regular price. His wife received US$500,000, their New York City home, and 2,000 shares of common stock in New York Central Railroad. [16], Vanderbilt brought his son William Henry Vanderbilt in as vice-president of the Harlem. He and his wife, Edith Stuyvesant Dresser, had only one child, Cornelia Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt took control of the company just before these developments were announced. American Civil War When the Civil War began in 1861, Vanderbilt attempted to donate his largest steamship, the Vanderbilt, to the Union Navy. Following his wife's death, Vanderbilt went to Canada where, on August 21, 1869, he married a cousin, a Ms. Crawford, from Mobile, Alabama. In 1863, Vanderbilt took control of the Harlem in a famous stockmarket corner, and was elected its president. During the War of 1812, he received a government contract to supply the forts around New York City. He sank the tracks on 4th Avenue in a cut that later became a tunnel, and 4th Avenue became Park Avenue. Cornelius II's brother, William Kissam Vanderbilt, also featured prominently in the family's affairs. Cornelius Vanderbilt versus James Fisk ("Diamond Jim") in the famous rivalry with the Erie Railroad. From Manhattan it ran up to Chatham Four Corners, New York, where it had a connection to the railroads running east and west. this interest at an early age, by creating his own collection of In addition, he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes. That same year, the American military adventurer, William Walker, led an expedition to Nicaragua and briefly took control of the government. It had parents, grandparents, maybe siblings, cousins, aunts, uncles, godparents Stars and Their Famous Grandkids at the Same Age, Rising Stars Whose Parents Are Superstars, Old Hollywood and Their Lookalike Children. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1864, the Commodore sold his last ships, concentrating on railroads, Once in charge of the Harlem, Vanderbilt encountered conflicts with connecting lines. Blough's wife, Melissa, competed for Colombia in the 2020 Olympics. He also bought a church for $50,000 for his second wife's congregation, the Church of the Strangers. Harold Stirling Vanderbilt was also notable as the inventor of the game of contract bridge and as the skilled yachtsman who won the Americas Cup three times. Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet Commodore,[1] was an American entrepreneur. George knew the quality of the finer things. He Job Summary. During Vanderbilt appealed his own case against the monopoly to the Supreme Court, which was next on the docket after Gibbons v. Ogden. up to $69.) When eleven-year-old Cornelius Vanderbilt began to work on his father's small boat ferrying supplies in New York Harbor at the beginning of the nineteenth century, no one could have imagined that one day he would, through ruthlessness, cunning, and a pathological desire for money, build two empiresone in shipping and another in railroadsthat In 1956, Gloria married again, this time to film director Sidney Lumet. (It is worth noting that though trivial in comparison to the $90 million+ inherited by William Henry Vanderbilt and his sons, the bequests to his other children made them very wealthy by the standards of 1877 and were not subject to inheritance tax. up for the Blue Ridge Highlander Newsletter, Messages from the Mountains, Great Mountain Attractions and Destinations, Magazine, Virtual Tours and Scenic Road Trips, Living Green and Eco Friendly in the Mountains, Mysteries, Myths and Legends in the Mountains, Conference, Meeting and Retreat Facilities, Vineyards Wineries Tasting Rooms, Theatre Concerts Mountain Entertainment, Blue Ridge Highlander Mountain Emporium and Art Gallery, Artists, Art Galleries and Art Associations in the Mountains, Museums, History and Culture in the Mountains, Rivers, Creeks and Trout Streams in the Mountains. Following his wife's death in 1868, Vanderbilt went to Canada where, on August 21, 1869, he married a cousin from Mobile, Alabama, named Frank Armstrong Crawford. For Sale: 4 beds, 3.5 baths 2400 sq. in Manhattan. This brought him into direct conflict with Jay Gould and financier James Fisk, Jr., who had just joined Drew on the Erie board. He chose to be buried there. (The Panama Railroad was soon built to provide a faster crossing.) In 1869, Vanderbilt directed the Harlem to begin construction of the Grand Central Depot on 42nd Street in Manhattan. It was the first of the many railroads he would head. Though Vanderbilt kept his own businesses running, he became Gibbons's business manager. Randolph convinced Walker to annul the charter of the Accessory Transit Company, and give the transit rights and company steamboats to him; Randolph then sold them to Garrison. [14], When the American Civil War began in 1861, Vanderbilt attempted to donate his largest steamship, the Vanderbilt, to the Union navy. She was a prominent social figure and hostess, who was born into the wealthy Vanderbilt family and married into the Whitney family. old, Apr 10 1945 - Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Feb 20 1924 - New York City, New York, United States, June 17 2019 - New York City, New York, United States, Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt, Mercedes Gloria Vanderbilt, Mexico, April 22 was disclosed today that Orchestra Leader, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States, "organization, and reaction of delegates, May 4 1945 - Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, Apr 23 1945 - Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, gossip :losely linked their names. ), According to "The Wealthy 100" by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther, Vanderbilt would be worth $143 billion in 2007 dollars, if his total wealth as a share of the nation's GDP in 1877 (the year of his death) were taken and applied in that same proportion in 2007. George He gave large gifts to the New York Public Library, Columbia University, and the American Fine Arts Society. At the end of the year, the monopoly paid him a large amount to stop competing, and he switched his operations to Long Island Sound. The case is still considered a landmark ruling. The case is still considered a landmark ruling, and is considered the basis for much of the prosperity the United States later enjoyed, After Thomas Gibbons died in 1826, Vanderbilt worked for his son, William Gibbons, until 1829. They moved into a boarding house on Broad Street in Manhattan. He also bought a church for $50,000 for his second wife's congregation, the Church of the Strangers. The Commodore stated that he believed William Henry was the only heir capable of maintaining the business empire. So he negotiated with Costa Rica, which (along with the other Central American republics) had declared war on Walker. Impressed, Vanderbilt became a secret partner with Drew for the next thirty years, so that the two men would have an incentive to avoid competing with each other. Husband of Sophia Johnson and Frank Armstrong Vanderbilt [17], Vanderbilt brought his son William Henry Vanderbilt in as vice-president of the Harlem. Post. In 1999, Cornelius Vanderbilt was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame, recognizing his significant contributions to the railroad industry. As well as Berkshire cottages in the western region of Massachusetts. In 1969 she was elected to the Fashion Hall of Fame. The third generation of Vanderbiltsfollowing Cornelius and William Henry Vanderbiltwas led by three of William Henrys four sons: Cornelius (184399), William Kissam (18491920), and George Washington (18621914). George Washington Vanderbilt also died without issue, during the Civil War. By cutting fares on competing lines, Vanderbilt drove down the Stonington stock price, and took over the presidency of the company in 1847. Vanderbilt's father. When he tried to convince the U.S. and English governments to help restore the company to its rights and property, they refused. America. Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt, an epileptic, committed suicide in 1882. She married Sid Lumet in 1956 and they divorced in 1963. Edmund Randolph, a close friend of Walker, coerced the Accessory Transit's San Francisco agent, Cornelius K. Garrison, into opposing Vanderbilt. Though he had always run his own businesses on the side, he now worked entirely for himself. Vanderbilt used the leverage of a lawsuit to get his losses back, but he and Gould became public enemies. He later explained that he wanted to show that he could take this railroad, which was generally considered worthless, and make it valuable. She was a member of the Vanderbilt family of New York and the mother of CNN television anchor Anderson Cooper. The protection of competitive interstate commerce is considered the basis for much of the prosperity which the United States has generated. Gould never got the better of Vanderbilt in any other important business matter, but he often embarrassed Vanderbilt, who uncharacteristically lashed out at Gould in public. Through 3/6 at 9 am Eastern time, they are offering Gloria Vanderbilt Denim Jeans, Shorts & Jackets for just $14.99 (reg. George Washington Vanderbilt was the youngest Welcome to the Vanderbilt Family page at Surname Finder, a service of Genealogy Today. However, in 1965, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt passed away. But on November 24, 1817, a ferry entrepreneur named Thomas Gibbons asked Vanderbilt to captain his steamboat between New Jersey and New York. Vanderbilt lost more than $7 million in his attempt to gain control, although Gould later returned most of the money. William had had a nervous breakdown early in life, and his father had sent him to a farm on Staten Island. That year he faced opposition by a steamboat operated by Daniel Drew, who forced Vanderbilt to buy him out. When Vanderbilt returned from Europe, he retaliated with a rival line to California, cutting prices until he forced Morgan and White to pay him off. mansion was decorated in European style, accenting the architectural A gentleman from Mississippi, Cooper fully supported his wifes earnest ambitions. [8], During these years, Vanderbilt also operated many other businesses. This list includes the names of each famous person in the Vanderbilt family, along with information like where each person was born. Vanderbilt's life story has inspired works of fiction, including the ambitious character of Nat Taggart in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged (1957). After Thomas Gibbons died in 1826, Vanderbilt worked for Gibbons' son William until 1829. In 1863, Vanderbilt took control of the Harlem in a famous stockmarket corner, and was elected its president. When the Confederate ironclad Virginia (popularly known in the North as the Merrimack) wrought havoc with the Union blockading squadron at Hampton Roads, Virginia, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and President Abraham Lincoln called on Vanderbilt for help. She was born 20th of february 1924 in New York City. The New York legislature had granted Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a thirty-year legal monopoly on steamboat traffic. The fortune had doubled when he died less than nine years later. Using the name "The People's Line," he used the populist language associated with Democratic president Andrew Jackson to get popular support for his business. Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt I (May 27, 1794 January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquets ( A sobriquet is a nickname or a fancy name, usually a familiar name given by others as distinct from a pseudonym assumed as a disguise, but a nickname which is familiar enough such that it can be used in place of a real name without the need of explanation.) [3]In addition to running his ferry, Vanderbilt bought his brother-in-law John De Forest's schooner Charlotte, and traded in food and merchandise, in partnership with his father and others. In 1829, Vanderbilt struck out on his own to provide steam service on the Hudson River between Manhattan and Albany, New York. By cutting fares on competing lines, Vanderbilt drove down the Stonington stock price, and took over the presidency of the company in 1847, the first of the many railroads he would head. According to The Wealthy 100 by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther, Vanderbilt would be worth $143 billion in 2007 United States dollars if his total wealth as a share of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1877 (the year of his death) were taken and applied in that same proportion in 2007. The family tree for Gloria Vanderbilt is still in progress. This rose motif is featured once again, in this 30th anniversary biographic edition. Though both Livingston and Fulton had died by the time Vanderbilt started working for Gibbons, the monopoly was held by Livingston's heirs. to William Henry and Maria Louisa Vanderbilt. The rights to control this trust fund while Gloria was a minor belonged to her legal guardian, her mother, and Gloria therefore became the subject of a custody battle in a famous and scandalous trial in 1934, in which testimony was heard depicting her mother as an unfit parent, charges which included Gloria Sr.'s intention to marry a German prince. As I gather information I will collect information about the family on my personal genealogy site. I won't sue you, for the law is too slow. Though he had always run his own businesses on the side, he now worked entirely for himself. William Kissam left two sonsWilliam Kissam (18781944) and Harold Stirling (18841970)both associated with the New York Central Railroad. Fortune's Children, a biography of the Vanderbilt Family's fall by a descendent Alfred T. Vanderbilt, provides a particularly illustrative anecdote. The court battle lasted more than a year and was ultimately won outright by William Henry Vanderbilt, who then increased the bequests to his siblings and paid their legal fees. At the age of 16, Vanderbilt decided to start his own ferry service. At 16 Cornelius borrowed $100 from his mother At the time of his death, aged 82, Cornelius Vanderbilt's fortune was estimated at more than US$100 million. Alfred's eldest son, from his first marriage, Leopold Stanislaus "Stan" Stokowski (born 1950), Sebastian Luke Maisani-Cooper (born 2022), Countess Cornelia "Gilia" Szchnyi (19081958), Countess Alice "Ai" Szchnyi (19111974), Tobias Finch-Hatton, Viscount Maidstone (born 1998), Countess Sylvia Anita Gabriel Denise Irene Marie "Sylvie" Szchnyi (19181998), Countess Ferdinandine "Bubby" Szchnyi (19232016), This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 01:36. Anderson Hays Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist, television personality, and author. At age 16, he borrowed money from his mother to buy a small boat. He was inducted in the "Railway Workers & Builders: North America" category. Grand Central Terminal below the MetLife Building in New York City, New York in 2012. [16], Though Vanderbilt had relinquished his presidency of the Stonington Railroad during the California gold rush, he took an interest in several railroads during the 1850s, serving on the boards of directors of the Erie Railway, the New Jersey Central, the New Haven and Hartford, and the New York and Harlem (popularly known as the Harlem). In early 1853, he took his family on a grand tour of Europe in his steamship yacht, the North Star. In just eight years, William doubled the fortune. Cornelius Vanderbilt's descendants went on to build grand mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City; luxurious 'summer cottages .

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